On January 1, 2024, Canada's population reached 40,769,890 inhabitants, which corresponds to an increase of 1,271,872 people compared with January 1, 2023. This was the highest annual population growth rate (+3.2%) in Canada since 1957 (+3.3%).

More than 1.67 million people in Canada (4.9% of the population of Canada) self-identified as an Indigenous person on Canada's 2016 Census of Population. Indigenous peoples are the fastest growing population in Canada, with a population that grew by 42.5% between 2006 and 2016.

The 2016 Census enumerated over 7.5 million foreign-born individuals in Canada, accounting for 21.9% of the total population. In Ontario, 3,852,145 foreign-born residents represented 29.1% of total population, the highest proportion among provinces. British Columbia was second at 28.3%.

In 2016, over 250 ethnic origins or ancestries were reported by the Canadian population. Four in 10 people reported more than one origin. British Isles and French origins are still among the most common in 2016; however, their share in the population has decreased considerably since the 1871 Census.